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71.
72.
Philip Tipping 《International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping》1996,66(1-3):17-25
The susceptibility and tendency for nuclear power plant (NPP) components to undergo changes in their mechanical and physical properties in the course of the NPP lifetime is generally termed as “ageing”. The light water reactor (LWR) nuclear environment is not a begnign one; it is characterized not only by fast neutrons, which can degrade metallic structures, but also relatively high temperatures of coolant water (around 300°C) which may contain impurities (e.g. sulphate, chloride, peroxides) which can cause corrosion. The hydrodynamical conditions of the coolant in steam generators, for example, can cause thermal fatigue, erosion and corrosion; suspended particulate matter can accelerate erosion processes which can lead to wall thinning and lowering of safety margins. Ageing is, therefore, a very complex mixture of factors concerned with materials, temperatures, times of exposure to environments which vary with time and with respect to chemical composition and flow charactertistics.
The paper describes a few ageing phenomena which can be considered important due to their impact on nuclear safety issues; their influence on economic aspects (availability) of NPP is outlined. Mitigation measures for NPP component ageing problems are given together with recommendations for addressing such issues in NPP now and in the future. 相似文献
73.
A series of nanocomposite thin films, composed of Nd2Fe14B and α-Fe, has been prepared by DC-magnetron sputtering combined ion beam sputtering onto Si (100) substrates. The effects of post annealing on the microstructure and magnetic properties of [NdFeB/α-Fe/NdFeB]-type thin films have been investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) study showed that annealing of the films for 30min at temperatures 550,600,650,700℃ resulted in the appearance of diffraction peaks, characteristic for Nd2Fe14B tetragonal structure, α-Fe and Nd2O3 phases. The investigation using the Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) with a maximum applied field of 2 T indicated that with the increase of the annealing temperature, the magnetic properties of the multilayer films were improved and reached peak value at 650℃ (Hci=41.72kA·m-1, Mr/Ms=0.4, (BH)max=30.35kJ·m-3), after which the magnetic properties were decreased greatly. Along with the increase of the thickness of α-Fe layer from Tα-Fe16nm, the coercivity Hci, saturation magnetization Ms, and remanence ratio Mr/Ms all declined. As the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) indicated, after being annealed at 650℃ for 30min, the sample was showed fine surface morphology with grain size 60nm≤dα-Fe≤80nm and 100nm≤dNdFeB≤150nm. 相似文献
74.
In the initial part the change of microstructure for steel X20 CrMoV 121 is discussed in terms of the distribution of carbide precipitates and its effects on accelerated creep resistance and hardness are presented. In the following, experimental results of microstructure and accelerated creep resistance are presented for the steels X20CrMoV 121 and P91 annealed for up to 8760 hours at 650°C and 750°C before the testing. A similar evolution of the distribution of carbide particles of a size above 102 nm is found for both steels, while the accelerated creep resistance is diminished much stronger for the steel X20CrMoV 121. This difference is due to a greater stability of NbC than that of VC precipitates, both related to the evolution of the chemical composition of complex chromium, molybdenum and iron carbide particles. 相似文献
75.
T. Kawakami Y. Koide N. Teraguchi Y. Tomomura A. Suzuki Masanori Murakami 《Journal of Electronic Materials》1998,27(8):929-935
In order to prepare low resistance ohmic contacts to p-ZnSn by the “deposition and annealing (DA)” technique which has been
extensively used for GaAs and Si-based devices, formation of a heavily doped layer by the p-ZnSe/metal reaction is required.
For p-ZnSe/Ni contacts, Ni and Se reacted preferentially at the ZnSe/Ni interface upon annealing at temperatures higher than
250°C. However, capacitance-voltage measurements showed that the net acceptor concentration (NA-ND) close to the p-ZnSe/Ni interface was reduced upon the Ni/ZnSe reaction, resulting in high contact resistance. For p-ZnSe/Au
contacts, neither Au/ZnSe reaction nor reduction of the acceptor concentration were observed after annealing at temperatures
lower than 300°C. This indicates that although the metal/p-ZnSe reaction is mandatory to prepare a heavily doped layer, the
reaction induced an increase in the compensation donors in the p-ZnSe substrate. In order to increase the acceptor concentration
in the vicinity of the p-ZnSe/metal interface through diffusion from the contact materials, Li or O which was reported to
play the role of an acceptor in ZnSe was deposited with a contact metal and annealed at elevated temperatures. Ni or Ag was
selected as the contact metal, because these metals were expected to enhance Li or O doping by reacting with ZnSe. However,
the current density-voltage characteristics of the Li(N)/Ni and Ag(O) contacts exhibited rectifying behavior, and the contact
resistances increased with increasing annealing temperature. The present results indicated that, even though the acceptor
concentration in the p-ZnSe substrate increased by diffusion of the dopants from the contact elements, an increment of the
compensation donors was larger than that of the acceptors. The present experiments indicated that preparation of low resistance
ohmic contacts by forming a heavily doped intermediate layer between p-ZnSe and metal is extremely difficult by the DA technique. 相似文献
76.
综述评述最近发展起来的陶瓷材料的烧结后冷加工热处理法“控制破碎成形加工法”,着重介绍该方法的由业,阐明其理论与实验基础,同时,介绍其应用并讨论其发展前景。 相似文献
77.
Kirkpatrick于1982年认识到固体粒子退火过程和组合优化问题有相似性,从而提出了模拟退火算法,并从数学上已证明了模拟退火算法可以取得全局最优解。相比之下,传统的最优化法只能求局部最优值。在计算物质平衡方程时,存在很多不确定的参数,给精确计算带来了一定困难。因此,本文引入模拟退火算法求解物质平衡方程。 相似文献
78.
Sherif Sedky 《Microelectronic Engineering》2007,84(11):2491-2500
This work gives an overview of the different developments for silicon germanium (Si1−xGex) from a MEMS post-processing perspective. First, the maximum processing temperature that does not introduce any damage or degradation into the standard characteristics of the CMOS driving electronics is specified. Then, the optimal type of silicon and germanium gas sources and deposition technique that results in an economical process are identified. Next, the selection criteria for a low thermal budget doping method and doping species are discussed. Finally, the advantage and disadvantage for the different approaches implemented for enhancing the physical properties of poly Si1−xGex at a CMOS backend compatible temperature are highlighted. It is shown that the optimal method depends on the application requirements and the CMOS technology used for realizing the driving electronics. 相似文献
79.
Fibre-reinforced plastics (FRPs) are candidate materials for the insulation of superconducting magnet coils in future fusion reactors. This paper reports on a test programme performed to assess the mechanical properties of these materials and to obtain information on the damage and fracture mechanisms. Different types of FRPs (epoxies and poly- and bismaleimides as resins; two- and three-dimensional E-, S- or T-glass fabrics as reinforcements) were irradiated at room temperature by 2 MeV electrons and 60Co-gamma rays up to 1.8 × 108 Gy and by different reactor spectra up to a neutron fluence of 1 × 1023 m−2 (E > 0.1 MeV) at room temperature, 80 K or 5 K. Mechanical tests in tension as well as in the intralaminar crack opening and shear mode were carried out on the irradiated samples at 77 K. After low temperature irradiation, half of the samples were subjected to a warm-up cycle to room temperature before testing at 77 K. Results on the influence of different radiation sources and annealing cycles on the mechanical properties of these materials will be discussed. 相似文献
80.
离子注入硅的线源非相干光瞬时退火温度计算 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文利用高温模型,计算了在我们的实验条件下对离子注入硅进行线源非相干光瞬时退火的退火温度,并与实验结果比较,两者符合得较好。 相似文献